Disinfectant Composition with Rapid Antiviral Efficacy

ABSTRACT

A disinfectant composition that contains a unique combination of a primary antiviral agent and a secondary antiviral agent is provided. More particularly, the primary antiviral agent includes a polyprotic acid having a low first acid dissociation constant and the secondary antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of an anionic N-acyl compound, metal halide salt, amine compound, amine compound, aliphatic amine oxide, alkyl glycoside, alcohol ethoxylate, and combinations thereof. By selectively controlling the particular nature of each antiviral agent and their relative concentration, the present inventors have discovered that a synergistic affect can be achieved in which the disinfectant composition is capable of exhibiting an antiviral efficacy against non-enveloped viruses.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pathogenic viruses are generally classified into two general types: enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Some well-known enveloped viruses include herpes virus, influenza virus; paramyxovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and togavirus. Non-enveloped viruses, sometimes referred to as “naked” viruses, include the families Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, Caliciviridae, Papovaviridae, Adenoviridae and Parvoviridae. Members of these families include rhinovirus, poliovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus, papillomavirus, and rotavirus. “Enveloped” viruses are relatively sensitive and, thus, can be inactivated by commonly used disinfectants. In contrast, “non-enveloped” viruses are substantially more resistant to conventional disinfectants and are more environmentally stable than enveloped viruses. Thus, most disinfectants have insufficient efficacy against these types of non-enveloped viruses. As such, a need currently exists for a disinfectant composition that is capable of exhibiting improved antiviral efficacy, particularly against non-enveloped viruses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a disinfectant composition is disclosed that comprises from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a primary antiviral agent, wherein the primary antiviral agent includes a polyprotic acid having a first acid dissociation constant of about 3.0 or less; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of a secondary antiviral agent, wherein the secondary antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of anionic N-acyl compounds, metal halide salts, amine compounds, aliphatic amine oxides, alkyl glycosides, alcohol ethoxylates, and combinations thereof; and from about 70 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % of a solvent system that includes one or more solvents, wherein water constitutes at least about 50 wt. % of the solvent system. The composition has a pH of about 4.5 or less and exhibits a reduction in virus infectivity of about 30% or more after being exposed to a non-enveloped virus for 10 minutes.

Other features and aspects of the present invention are discussed in greater detail below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF REPRESENTATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Reference now will be made in detail to various embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are set forth below. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, may be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Generally speaking, the present invention is directed to a disinfectant composition that contains a unique combination of a primary antiviral agent and a secondary antiviral agent. More particularly, the primary antiviral agent includes a polyprotic acid having a low first acid dissociation constant (pK_(a1)), such as about 3.0 or less, in some embodiments about 2.5 or less, and in some embodiments, from about −2.0 to about 2.4, as determined at a temperature of 25° C. The secondary antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of an anionic N-acyl compound, metal halide salt, amine compound, aliphatic amine oxide, alkyl glycoside, alcohol ethoxylate, and combinations thereof.

By selectively controlling the particular nature of each antiviral agent and their relative concentration, the present inventors have discovered that a synergistic effect can be achieved in which the disinfectant composition is capable of exhibiting antiviral efficacy against non-enveloped viruses, including members of the families Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, Caliciviridae, Papovaviridae, Adenoviridae and Parvoviridae. Members of these families include rhinovirus, poliovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus, coxsackie, enterovirus, papillomavirus, and rotavirus. For example, after being exposed to a non-enveloped virus for only 10 minutes, the disinfectant composition can exhibit a reduction in virus infectivity of about 30% or more, in some embodiments about 50% or more, in some embodiments about 70% or more, and in some embodiments, from about 75 to about 99%, such as determined according to the test methods described herein. In one embodiment, for instance, the disinfectant composition may exhibit a reduction after only 10 minutes within the ranges noted above against Phi X174 (ATCC 13706-B1), a non-enveloped bacteriophage. In another embodiment, the disinfectant composition may exhibit a reduction after only 10 minutes within the ranges noted above against feline calicivirus. Of course, the composition is also capable of inactivating other microorganisms, such as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, parasites, enveloped viruses, etc.

Various embodiments of the present invention will now be described in more detail below.

I. Disinfectant Composition

A. Primary Antiviral Agent

The primary antiviral agent employed in the disinfectant composition includes one or more acids having a low pk_(a1) value of about 3.0 or less, in some embodiments about 2.5 or less, and in some embodiments, from about −2.0 to about 2.4, as determined at a temperature of 25° C. The acid is also polyprotic in the sense that it contains more than one mole of ionizable hydronium ions per mole of acid. The acid may likewise be organic or inorganic in nature. Specific examples of suitable polyprotic acids that have a low first dissociation constant include, for instance, organic acids, such as carboxylic acids (e.g., maleic acid (pk_(a1) of 1.9) and/or sulfosuccinic acid (pk_(a1) of −1.65)); inorganic acids, such as phosphoric acid (pk_(a1) of 2.18); or combinations of the foregoing. Regardless of the particular type of acid employed, the primary antiviral agent, which may include one or more acids having the desired pk_(a1) value, typically constitutes from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 0.5 to about 8 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 0.8 wt. % to about 1.5 wt. % of the disinfectant composition.

B. Secondary Antiviral Agent

The secondary antiviral agent typically constitutes from about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 0.2 to about 10 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 0.5 to about 5 wt. % of the composition. As noted above, the secondary antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of an anionic N-acyl compound, metal halide salt, amine compound, aliphatic amine oxide, alkyl glycoside, alcohol ethoxylate, as well as combinations thereof. The exact selection of the agent depends in part on the type of acid(s) employed for the primary antiviral agent. For example, the present inventors have discovered that anionic N-acyl compounds, metal halide salts, and amine compounds work particularly well with phosphoric acid. Likewise, anionic N-acyl compounds, metal halide salts, alcohol ethoxylates, aliphatic amine oxides, and alkyl glycosides work particularly well with maleic acid. Anionic N-acyl compounds and metal halide salts also work particularly well with sulfosuccinic acid.

Various specific examples of such secondary antiviral agents are described in more detail below.

i. Anionic N-Acyl Compounds

Anionic N-acyl compounds employed in the disinfectant composition typically have the following general structure:

wherein,

R¹ is a C₄ to C₃₀ fatty acid chain, in some embodiments a C₆ to C₂₄ fatty acid chain, and in some embodiments, a C₈ to C₂₂ fatty acid chain;

R₂ is an alkylene (e.g., methylene, dimethylene, etc.), which may optionally be substituted with alkyl, alkoxyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or heterocyclyl, and which may optionally be interrupted at one or more positions by an oxygen atom;

X is O or NR³,

R³ is H or a C₁ to C₈ alkyl (e.g., CH₃);

Y is SO₃ or CO₂, and

M is a cation, such as an alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium, etc.), alkaline earth metal (e.g., calcium, magnesium, etc.), an ammonium cation (e.g., ammonium, isopropylammonium, etc.), and so forth.

In certain embodiments, for instance, Y may be CO₂ and X may be NR₃ such that the surfactant is considered an N-acyl sarcosinate. Suitable sarcosinates may include, for example, sodium lauroyl sarconsinate, sodium myristoyl sarconsinate, potassium myristoyl sarconsinate, sodium cocoyl sarconsinate, sodium oleoyl sarconsinate, triethanolamine lauroyl sarcosinate, ammonium oleoyl sarconsinate, etc. In other embodiments, Y may be SO₃ and X may be O such that the compound is considered an N-acyl isethionate. Suitable isethionates may include, for instance, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium myristoyl isethionate, sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium oleoyl isethionate, ammonium oleoyl isethionate, etc. In yet other embodiments, Y may be SO₃ and X may be NR₃ such that the compound is considered an N-acyl taurate. In one particular embodiment, for example, an N-acyl taurate may be employed that has the following general structure:

wherein,

R⁷ is a C₈ to C₃₀ fatty acid chain, in some embodiments a C₁₀ to C₂₄ fatty acid chain, and in some embodiments, a C₁₆ to C₂₂ fatty acid chain;

R⁸ is H or a C₁ to C₈ alkyl (e.g., CH₃);

R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently H or a C₁ to C₈ alkyl (e.g., CH₃); and

M⁺ is a cation as defined above.

Particularly suitable N-acyl taurates include, for instance, sodium methyl lauroyl taurate (R⁷ is a C₁₂ fatty acid chain, R⁸ is CH₃, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are H, and M is Na), sodium methyl myristoyl taurate (R⁷ is a C₁₄ fatty acid chain, R⁸ is CH₃, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are H, and M is Na), potassium methyl myristoyl taurate (R⁷ is a C₁₄ fatty acid chain, R⁸ is CH₃, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are H, and M is K), sodium methyl cocoyl taurate (R⁷ is a C₁₁₋₁₇ fatty acid chain, R⁸ is CH₃, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are H, and M is Na), sodium methyl oleoyl taurate (R⁷ is a C₁₈ fatty acid chain, R⁸ is CH₃, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are H, and M is Na), calcium methyl oleoyl taurate (R⁷ is a C₁₈ fatty acid chain, R⁸ is CH₃, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are H, and M is Ca), potassium methyl oleoyl taurate (R⁷ is a C₁₈ fatty acid chain, R⁸ is CH₃, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are H, and M is K), and ammonium methyl oleoyl taurate (R⁷ is a C₁₈ fatty acid chain, R⁸ is CH₃, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are H, and M is NH₄). Sodium methyl oleoyl taurate is particularly suitable for use in the present invention.

ii. Metal Halide Salts

A metal halide salt may also be employed as a secondary antiviral agent in the disinfectant composition of the present invention. More specifically, the present inventors have discovered that metal halide salts that contain a metal cation having an oxidation state of +2 or greater (e.g., +2 or +3) are particularly effective for use in the present invention. The cation may, for instance, be an alkaline earth metal, such as calcium, magnesium, etc.; transition metal, such as copper, aluminum, iron, zinc, etc.; or a combination thereof. Examples of suitable metal halide salts may include, for instance, iron(II) chloride; iron(III) chloride; zinc chloride; copper(II) chloride; aluminum(III) chloride; aluminum chlorohydrates having the formula, Al_(n)Cl_((3n-m))(OH)_(m), wherein n and m are independently from 1 to 5 (e.g., n is 2 and m is 3); etc., as well as combinations thereof.

iii. Amine Compounds

In addition to the aforementioned components, an amine compound may also be employed as the secondary antiviral agent, which typically has the following general structure:

wherein,

Z is O, NH, or NH₂ ⁺Q⁻, wherein Q is an anion, such as a halogen (e.g., chlorine, fluorine, etc.);

R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, alkyl (e.g., CH₃), carboxyalkyl, or NR₁₄R₁₅, wherein R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently H or alkyl.

In certain embodiments, for example, Z may be O. Examples of such compounds include, for instance, urea (R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are hydrogen) and urea derivatives, such as hydroxyurea (R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, are hydrogen and R₁₃ is OH), and so forth. In other embodiments, Z may be NH. Examples of such compounds include, for instance, guanidine (R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are hydrogen) and guanidine derivatives, such as creatine (R₁₀ and R₁₁ are hydrogen, R₁₂ is CH₃, and R₁₃ is carboxymethyl (CH₂C(O)OH)). In yet other embodiments, Z may be NH₂ ⁺. Examples of such compounds include, for instance, guanidine hydrochloride (R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are hydrogen and Q is Cl) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (R₁₃ is NR₁₄R₁₅; R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ R₁₄, R₁₅ are hydrogen and Q is Cl).

iv. Aliphatic Amine Oxides

An aliphatic amine oxide may also be employed as a secondary antiviral agent in the disinfectant composition. Typically, such aliphatic amine oxides having the following general structure:

wherein,

R is an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkylamido group having from 8 to 28 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments, from 10 to 24 groups; and

R′ are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₄ alkyl group (e.g., CH₃).

In certain embodiments, for example, R is an alkyl group. Particular examples of such alkyl amine oxides include, for instance, decylamine oxide (each R′ is CH₃ and R is (CH₂)₉CH₃); behenamine oxide (each R′ is CH₃ and R is (CH₂)₂₁CH₃); lauramine oxide (each R′ is CH₃ and R is (CH₂)₁₁CH₃), etc. In other embodiments, for example, R is an alkylamido group such that the resulting amine oxide is considered an alkylamido amine oxide. Particular examples of such alkylamido amine oxides include, for instance, lauramidopropylamine oxide (each R′ is CH₃ and R is (CH₂)₃NHC(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃); palmitamidopropylamine oxide (each R′ is CH₃ and R is (CH₂)₃NHC(O)(CH₂)₁₄CH₃); isostearamidopropylamine oxide (each R′ is H and R is (CH₂)₃NHC(O)(CH₂)₁₆CH₃), etc.

v. Alkyl Glycosides

Alkyl glycosides are broadly defined as condensation products of long chain alcohols and a saccharide and are generally represented by the formula, (Z)_(n)—O—R, wherein Z is a saccharide residue, n is from 1 to about 1000, and R is an alkyl group. The saccharide residue “Z” of the alkyl glycoside typically has at least 3 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments, from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments from 4 to 6 carbon atoms. The saccharide residue may, for instance, be a residue of glucose, fructose, maltose, maltotriose, lactose, galactose, mannose, dextrose, xylose, sucrose, leucrose, and so forth. Glucose is particularly suitable. The designation “n” represents the average number of saccharide residues in a particular sample of alkyl glycoside. For example, the alkyl glycoside may be a monosaccharide (n=1), disaccharide (n=2), trisaccharide (n=3), oligosaccharide (n=4 to 20), or polysaccharide (n>20). In most embodiments, “n” is 1. The “alkyl group” of the alkyl glycoside is generally a linear alkyl group (i.e., a straight chain alcohol residue). More specially, the present inventors have discovered that certain alkyl groups are particularly effective against viruses. Namely, the alkyl glycoside desirably includes alkyl groups having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments, from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of such alkyl glycosides include, for instance, decyl glucoside, octyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, etc.

vi. Alcohol Ethoxylates

Alcohol ethoxylates can also be used as a secondary antiviral agent. Such ethoxylates generally have the structure, R—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)H, where R is an alkyl group having from 6 to 28 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments, from 10 to 16 carbon atoms, and n is from 2 to 60, in some embodiments from 3 to 40, and in some embodiments, from 3 to 15. Some examples of suitable alcohol ethoxylates may include, for instance, C₁₁₋₁₅ pareth-3 (R is CH₃CH(CH₂)_(m)CH₃, m is from 8 to 12, and n is 3); C₁₁₋₁₅ pareth-12 (R is CH₃CH(CH₂)_(m)CH₃, m is from 8 to 12, and n is 12); laureth-9 (R is (CH₂)₁₁CH₃ and n is 9), etc. Polymeric and oligomeric alcohol ethoxylates may also be employed that contain a monomeric substructure with the formula above. One example of such an oligomeric alcohol ethoxylate is, for instance, a polyethylene glycol-modified hydrogenated triglyceride, such as PEG-100 hydrogenated castor oil.

C. Solvent System

A solvent system containing one or more solvents is also typically employed in the disinfectant composition. The solvent system may, for instance, constitute from about 70 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 80 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 85 wt. % to about 98 wt. % of the composition. Suitable solvents may include, for instance, water, glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, triethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, ethoxydiglycol, dipropyleneglycol, etc.); glycol ethers (e.g., methyl glycol ether, ethyl glycol ether, isopropyl glycol ether, etc.); alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, and butanol); ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone); esters (e.g., ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, diethylene glycol ether acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, etc.); amides (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylcaprylic/capric fatty acid amide and N-alkylpyrrolidones); sulfoxides or sulfones (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sulfolane); and so forth.

While a wide variety of solvents may be employed, one beneficial aspect of the present invention is that can exhibit good antiviral efficacy without the need for alcohol-based solvents (e.g., ethanol) often employed in conventional disinfectant compositions. In fact, the disinfectant composition of the present invention may be generally free of such alcohol-based solvents (e.g., ethanol). When employed, for instance, alcohol-based solvents typically constitute no more than about 5 wt. %, in some embodiments no more than about 3 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from 0 wt. % to about 1 wt. % of the disinfectant composition. Furthermore, water is typically the primary solvent such that the composition is considered “aqueous.” In most embodiments, for example, water constitutes at least about 50 wt. %, in some embodiments at least about 75 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 90 wt. % to 100 wt. % of the solvent system.

D. Cationic Surfactant

Although by no means required, the disinfectant composition may, in some cases, contain one or more cationic surfactants to further enhance the overall antimicrobial activity. When employed, such cationic surfactants may constitute from about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 0.2 to about 10 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 0.5 to about 5 wt. % of the composition. Examples of suitable cationic surfactants may include, for instance, biguanides and bisbiguanides (e.g., chlorhexidine, polyhexamethylenebiguanide, etc.), quaternary ammonium salts (e.g., benzalkonium chloride and alkyl substituted derivatives, cetylpyridinium halides, benzethonium chloride, etc. Quaternary ammonium salts, for instance, may be particularly useful in the disinfectant composition of the present invention. Such salts typically contain one quaternary ammonium group attached to at least one C₆-C₁₈ linear or branched alkyl or aralkyl chain. Particularly suitable compounds of this class may be represented by the following formula:

R²¹R²²N⁺R²³R²⁴X⁻

wherein,

R²¹ and R²² are C₁-C₁₈ linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or arylalkyl chains that may be substituted in available positions by N, O, or S, provided at least one R²¹ or R²² is a C₈-C₁₈ linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or arylalkyl chains that may be substituted in available positions by N, O, or S;

R²³ and R²⁴ are C₁-C₆ alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or C₈-C₁₂ arylalkyl groups, or R²³ and R²⁴ may also form a ring (e.g., pyridine ring) with the nitrogen of the quaternary ammonium group; and

X⁻ is an anion, such as a halide (e.g., fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, and most desirably, chloride), carboxylate, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate (e.g., methosulfate, ethosulfate, etc.), and so forth.

Examples of such compounds include, benzalkonium halides having an alkyl chain length of C₁₂-C₁₆, benzalkonium halides substituted with alkyl groups on the phenyl ring, dimethyldialkylammonium halides in which the alkyl groups have chain lengths of C₈-C₁₈, benzethonium halides and alkyl substituted benzethonium halides, and so forth.

E. Other Components

In addition to those noted above, a variety of other components may also be incorporated into the disinfectant composition of the present invention, such as chelators, nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, propellants, pH adjustors (e.g., sodium hydroxide), fragrances, colorants, preservatives, chaotropic agents, antioxidants, light stabilizers, film-forming polymers, etc. In certain embodiments, for instance, one or more film-forming polymers may be employed to help the composition form a film on a hard surface. One example of such a polymer is a vinylpyrrolidone copolymer having the following formula:

wherein,

n is from 20 to 99, and in some embodiments, from 40 to 90,

m is from 1 to 80, and in some embodiments, from 5 to 40;

p is from 0 to 50, and in some embodiments, from 5 to 20, and wherein the total of n+m+p is typically 100;

R₁ is H or a C₁ to C₄ alkyl (e.g., CH₃);

Z is O, S, or NH, and in some embodiments, O;

R₂ is (CH₂)_(x);

x is from 1 to 18, and in some embodiments, from 2 to 10;

y is 0 or 1;

R₃ is independently hydrogen or a C₁ to C₄ alkyl (e.g., CH₃); and

M is a vinyl or vinylidene monomer copolymerizable with vinyl pyrrolidone.

The monomer unit [ ]_(m) is, for example, a di-lower alkylamine alkyl (meth)acrylate or a vinyl ether derivative. Examples of these monomers include, for instance, dimethylaminomethyl acrylate, dimethylaminomethyl methacrylate, diethylaminomethyl acrylate, diethylaminomethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminobutyl acrylate, dimethylaminobutyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoamyl methacrylate, diethylaminoamyl methacrylate, dimethylaminohexyl acrylate, diethylaminohexyl methacrylate, dimethylaminooctyl acrylate, dimethylaminooctyl methacrylate, diethylaminooctyl acrylate, diethylaminooctyl methacrylate, dimethylaminodecyl methacrylate, dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate, diethylaminolauryl acrylate, diethylaminolauryl methacrylate, dimethylaminostearyl acrylate, dimethylaminostearyl methacrylate, diethylaminostearyl acrylate, diethylaminostearyl methacrylate, di-t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, di-t-butylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylamino vinyl ether, etc., as well as combinations thereof.

The monomer unit “M”, which is optional, may include any conventional vinyl monomer copolymerizable with N-vinyl pyrrolidone. Thus, for example, suitable conventional vinyl monomers include alkyl vinyl ethers (e.g., methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, octyl vinyl ether, etc.); acrylic and methacrylic acid and esters thereof (e.g., methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, etc.); vinyl aromatic monomers (e.g., styrene, α-methyl styrene, etc.); vinyl acetate; vinyl alcohol; vinylidene chloride; acrylonitrile and substituted derivatives thereof; methacrylonitrile and substituted derivatives thereof; acrylamide and methacrylamide and N-substituted derivatives thereof; vinyl chloride, crotonic acid and esters thereof; etc.

In certain embodiments, R₁ and/or R₃ may be methyl. Likewise, y may be 1 and/or R₂ may be (CH₂)₂ or (CH₂)₃. One particular example of such a polymer is a vinylpyrrolidone/dimethyl-aminoethylmethacrylate copolymer, which has the following general structure:

wherein x, y and z are at least 1 and have values selected such that the weight average molecular weight of the vinylpyrrolidone/dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate copolymer is from about 10,000 to about 5,000,000. Commercially available polymers of this type include Copolymer 845, Copolymer 937, and Copolymer 958 (Ashland, Inc.). In yet another embodiment, the vinylpyrrolidone copolymer may have the following general structure:

wherein x, y and z are at least 1 and have values selected such that the weight average molecular weight of the copolymer is from about 10,000 to about 5,000,000 Techniques for synthesizing such polymers are well known in the art and described in more detail U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,445,521; 4,223,009; and 3,954,960, as well as GB 1331819.

Another suitable film-forming polymer is a polyquaternary ammonium polymer that contains two or more quaternary ammonium centers within the compound structure. For instance, the polyquaternary ammonium polymer typically has the following general structure:

(N⁺R¹³R¹⁴—(CH₂)_(a)—NH—C(Y)—NH—(CH₂)_(b)—N⁺R¹³R¹⁴—R¹⁵)_(n)-2nX—

wherein,

R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, etc.), hydroxyalkyl (e.g., hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, etc.), or —CH₂CH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_(c)OH;

R¹⁵ is a linking group and may be (CH₂)_(d) or {(CH₂)_(e)O(CH₂)_(f)}_(g);

Y is O, S or NH, and in some embodiments, O;

a, b, c, d, e and f are each independently from 1 to 6, in some embodiments from 1 to 4, and in some embodiments, from 2 to 3;

g is from 1 to 4, and in some embodiments, from 1 to 2;

n is at least 2, in some embodiments from 2 to 200, and in some embodiments, from 3 to 100; and

X⁻ is an anion, such as a halide (e.g., fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, and most desirably, chloride), carboxylate, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate (e.g., methosulfate, ethosulfate, etc.), and so forth.

In certain embodiments, R¹³ and/or R¹⁴ may be methyl. Likewise, “a” may be 3 and/or “b” may be 3. R¹⁵ may likewise be {(CH₂)_(e)O(CH₂)_(f)}_(g) and “e” may be 2, “f” may be 2, and/or “g” may be 1. In one particular embodiment, for instance, the polyquaternary ammonium polymer may be poly[bis(2-chloroethyl)ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] quaternized (also known as “Polyquaternium-2” using INCI nomenclature), which has the following general structure:

wherein n is as defined above.

If desired, the relative amount of the vinylpyrrolidone copolymer and/or polyquaternary ammonium polymer in relation to the primary antiviral agent within the composition can be controlled to improve the residual efficacy of the composition. For example, vinylpyrrolidone copolymers may be present in an amount of from about 50 to about 90 parts, in some embodiments from about 60 to about 90 parts, and in some embodiments, from about 65 to about 85 parts per 100 parts of the primary antiviral agent employed in the composition. In certain embodiments, for instance, such copolymers may constitute from about 0.2 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 0.5 to about 3 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 0.6 to about 2 wt. % of the composition. Likewise, polyquaternary ammonium copolymers may be present in an amount of from about 30 to about 70 parts, in some embodiments from about 35 to about 65 parts, and in some embodiments, from about 40 to about 60 parts per 100 parts of the primary antiviral agent employed in the composition. In certain embodiments, for instance, such polymers may constitute from about 0.1 wt. % to about 3 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 0.2 to about 2 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 0.3 to about 1.5 wt. % of the composition. Vinylpyrrolidone copolymers are also typically employed in an amount greater than the polyquaternary ammonium polymers, and the weight ratio of vinylpyrrolidone copolymers to polyquaternary ammonium polymers may be from about 1.0 to about 8.0, in some embodiments from about 1.1 to about 5.0, and in some embodiments, from about 1.2 to about 3.0.

The composition may also contain a preservative or preservative system to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Suitable preservatives may include, for instance, alkanols, disodium EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetate), EDTA salts, EDTA fatty acid conjugates, isothiazolinone, benzoic esters (parabens) (e.g., methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, ethylparaben, isopropylparaben, isobutylparaben, benzylparaben, sodium methylparaben, and sodium propylparaben), benzoic acid, propylene glycols, sorbates, urea derivatives (e.g., diazolindinyl urea), and so forth. Other suitable preservatives include those sold by Ashland, Inc., such as “Germall 115” (amidazolidinyl urea), “Germall II” (diazolidinyl urea), and “Germall Plus” (diazolidinyl urea and iodopropynyl butylcarbonate). Another suitable preservative is Kathon CG®, which is a mixture of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone available from Dow Chemical; Mackstat H 66 (available from Solvay). Still another suitable preservative system is a combination of 56% propylene glycol, 30% diazolidinyl urea, 11% methylparaben, and 3% propylparaben available under the name GERMABEN® II from Ashland, Inc. The disinfectant composition typically has a pH of about 4.5 or less, in some embodiments about 4.0 or less, and in some embodiments, from about 1.0 to about 3.5. To help achieve the desired pH level, various pH modifiers may be optionally employed. Some examples of pH modifiers that may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, ammonia; mono-, di-, and tri-alkyl amines; mono-, di-, and tri-alkanolamines; alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides; alkali metal and alkaline earth metal silicates; and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of basic pH modifiers are ammonia; sodium, potassium, and lithium hydroxide; sodium, potassium, and lithium meta silicates; monoethanolamine; triethylamine; isopropanolamine; diethanolamine; and triethanolamine. When utilized, the pH modifier may be present in any effective amount needed to achieve the desired pH level.

II. Use of the Composition

The disinfectant composition may generally be used to reduce microbial or viral populations on a wide variety of surfaces, such as a hard surface or a surface on a user/patient (e.g., skin). Exemplary hard surfaces include, for instance, lavatory fixtures, lavatory appliances (toilets, bidets, shower stalls, bathtubs, sinks, and bathing appliances), walls, flooring surfaces, surfaces associated with food preparation (e.g., tables, counters, restaurant, kitchens, sinks, etc.), surfaces associated with hospital environments, medical laboratories and medical treatment environments. The manner in which the disinfectant composition is applied to a surface can vary as desired. For example, in certain embodiments, the composition may be applied directly to the surface. In such an application, a user generally applies the composition (e.g., with a pump) and then removes the composition from the treated area after a certain period of time using a wipe. In other embodiments, however, it may be desired that the composition is first applied to a wipe prior to use. The wipe may provide an increased surface area to facilitate contact of the composition with microorganisms. In addition, the wipe may also serve other purposes, such as providing water absorption, barrier properties, etc. The wipe may also eliminate microorganisms through frictional forces imparted to the surface.

The wipe may be formed from any of a variety of materials as is well known in the art. Typically, however, the wipe includes a fibrous web that contains absorbent fibers. For example, the wipe may be a paper product containing one or more paper webs, such as facial tissue, bath tissue, paper towels, napkins, and so forth. The paper product may be single-ply in which the web forming the product includes a single layer or is stratified (i.e., has multiple layers), or multi-ply, in which the webs forming the product may themselves be either single or multi-layered. Normally, the basis weight of such a paper product is less than about 120 grams per square meter (“gsm”), in some embodiments less than about 80 gsm, in some embodiments less than about 60 grams per square meter, and in some embodiments, from about 10 to about 60 gsm.

Any of a variety of materials can also be used to form the paper web(s) of the product. For example, the material used to make the paper product may include absorbent fibers formed by a variety of pulping processes, such as kraft pulp, sulfite pulp, thermomechanical pulp, etc. The pulp fibers may include softwood fibers having an average fiber length of greater than 1 mm and particularly from about 2 to 5 mm based on a length-weighted average. Such softwood fibers can include, but are not limited to, northern softwood, southern softwood, redwood, red cedar, hemlock, pine (e.g., southern pines), spruce (e.g., black spruce), combinations thereof, and so forth. Hardwood fibers, such as eucalyptus, maple, birch, aspen, and so forth, can also be used. In certain instances, eucalyptus fibers may be particularly desired to increase the softness of the web. Eucalyptus fibers can also enhance the brightness, increase the opacity, and change the pore structure of the web to increase its wicking ability. Moreover, if desired, secondary fibers obtained from recycled materials may be used, such as fiber pulp from sources such as, for example, newsprint, reclaimed paperboard, and office waste. Further, other natural fibers can also be used in the present invention, such as abaca, sabai grass, milkweed floss, pineapple leaf, bamboo, algae, and so forth. In addition, in some instances, synthetic fibers can also be utilized.

If desired, the absorbent fibers (e.g., pulp fibers) may be integrated with synthetic fibers to form a composite. Synthetic thermoplastic fibers may also be employed in the nonwoven web, such as those formed from polyolefins, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, etc.; polytetrafluoroethylene; polyesters, e.g., polyethylene terephthalate and so forth; polyvinyl acetate; polyvinyl chloride acetate; polyvinyl butyral; acrylic resins, e.g., polyacrylate, polymethylacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, and so forth; polyamides, e.g., nylon; polyvinyl chloride; polyvinylidene chloride; polystyrene; polyvinyl alcohol; polyurethanes; polylactic acid; polyhydroxyalkanoate; copolymers thereof; and so forth. Because many synthetic thermoplastic fibers are inherently hydrophobic (i.e., non-wettable), such fibers may optionally be rendered more hydrophilic (i.e., wettable) by treatment with a surfactant solution before, during, and/or after web formation. Other known methods for increasing wettability may also be employed, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,361 to Savovitz, et al. The relative percentages of such fibers may vary over a wide range depending on the desired characteristics of the composite. For example, the composite may contain from about 1 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, in some embodiments from 5 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. % synthetic polymeric fibers. The composite may likewise contain from about 40 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, in some embodiments from 50 wt. % to about 95 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 60 wt. % to about 90 wt. % absorbent fibers.

Composites, such as described above, may be formed using a variety of known techniques. For example, a nonwoven composite may be formed that is a “coform material” that contains a mixture or stabilized matrix of thermoplastic fibers and a second non-thermoplastic material. As an example, coform materials may be made by a process in which at least one meltblown die head is arranged near a chute through which other materials are added to the web while it is forming. Such other materials may include, but are not limited to, fibrous organic materials such as woody or non-woody pulp such as cotton, rayon, recycled paper, pulp fluff and also superabsorbent particles, inorganic and/or organic absorbent materials, treated polymeric staple fibers and so forth. Some examples of such coform materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,324 to Anderson, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,703 to Everhart, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,624 to Georger, et al. Alternatively, the nonwoven composite may be formed be formed by hydraulically entangling staple length fibers and/or filaments with high-pressure jet streams of water. Various techniques for hydraulically entangling fibers are generally are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,494,821 to Evans and U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,370 to Bouolton. Hydraulically entangled nonwoven composites of continuous filaments (e.g., spunbond web) and natural fibers (e.g., pulp) are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,703 to Everhart, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,864 to Anderson, et al. Hydraulically entangled nonwoven composites of staple fiber blends (e.g., polyester and rayon) and natural fibers (e.g., pulp), also known as “spunlaced” fabrics, are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,764 to Haid, et al.

Regardless of the materials or processes utilized to form the wipe, the basis weight of the wipe is typically from about 20 to about 200 grams per square meter (“gsm”), and in some embodiments, between about 35 to about 100 gsm. Lower basis weight products may be particularly well suited for use as light duty wipes, while higher basis weight products may be better adapted for use as industrial wipes.

The wipe may assume a variety of shapes, including but not limited to, generally circular, oval, square, rectangular, or irregularly shaped. Each individual wipe may be arranged in a folded configuration and stacked one on top of the other to provide a stack of wet wipes. Such folded configurations are well known to those skilled in the art and include c-folded, z-folded, quarter-folded configurations and so forth. For example, the wipe may have an unfolded length of from about 2.0 to about 80.0 centimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 10.0 to about 25.0 centimeters. The wipes may likewise have an unfolded width of from about 2.0 to about 80.0 centimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 10.0 to about 25.0 centimeters. The stack of folded wipes may be placed in the interior of a container, such as a plastic tub, to provide a package of wipes for eventual sale to the consumer. Alternatively, the wipes may include a continuous strip of material which has perforations between each wipe and which may be arranged in a stack or wound into a roll for dispensing. Various suitable dispensers, containers, and systems for delivering wipes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,785,179 to Buczwinski, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,351 to Zander; U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,331 to Zander; U.S. Pat. No. 6,158,614 to Haynes, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,269,969 to Huang, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,269,970 to Huang, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,273,359 to Newman, et al.

The composition may be incorporated into the wipe during its formation or simply coated onto all or a portion of a surface of the wipe using known techniques, such as printing, dipping, spraying, melt extruding, coating (e.g., solvent coating, powder coating, brush coating, etc.), foaming, and so forth. In one embodiment, for example, the composition is applied to the wipe by dipping, spraying, or printing. If desired, the composition may be applied in a pattern that covers from about 5% to about 95%, in some embodiments from about 10% to about 90%, and in some embodiments, from about 20% to about 75% of a surface of the wipe. Such patterned application may have various benefits, including enhanced aesthetic appeal, improved absorbency, etc. The particular type or style of the pattern is not a limiting factor of the invention, and may include, for example, any arrangement of stripes, bands, dots, or other geometric shape. The pattern may include indicia (e.g., trademarks, text, and logos), floral designs, abstract designs, any configuration of artwork, etc. It should be appreciated that the “pattern” may take on virtually any desired appearance.

If desired, the disinfectant composition may be present on the wipe in the form of a liquid such that the wipe is considered a “wet wipe.” The total amount of the disinfectant composition employed in such “wet wipes” (including any solvents) depends in part upon the type of wipe material utilized, the type of container used to store the wipes, the nature of the composition, and the desired end use of the wipes. Generally, however, each wet wipe contains from about 150 wt. % to about 600 wt. %, and desirably from about 300 wt. % to about 500 wt. % of the disinfectant composition on the dry weight of the wipe.

Once applied to a surface (e.g., hard surface), solvents can evaporate from the disinfectant composition so that a film is formed. The solvent content (e.g., water content) of the resulting film may be, for instance, less than about 5 wt. %, in some embodiments less than about 2 wt. %, and in some embodiments, less about 1 wt. %. In such embodiments, the film typically contains primary antiviral agents (e.g., acids) in an amount of from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 15 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 20 wt. % to about 40 wt. %. The film may also contain secondary antiviral agents in an amount of from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 15 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 20 wt. % to about 40 wt. %. Of course, the film may contain other components, such as film-forming polymers. For example, the film may contain vinylpyrrolidone copolymers in an amount of from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 15 wt. % to about 35 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 20 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, as well as polyquaternary ammonium polymers in an amount of from about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 10 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. The film may also optionally contain cationic surfactants in an amount of from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 15 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 20 wt. % to about 40 wt. %. Regardless of its exact constituents, the resulting film is capable of exhibiting a residual degree of antiviral efficacy. The film is also physically stable so that it can still remain active after being abraded multiple times. For example, after being exposed to a virus for 10 minutes, the film itself can exhibit a log₁₀ reduction of about 0.5 or more, in some embodiments about 0.8 or more, in some embodiments about 1.0 or more, and in some embodiments, from about 1.2 to about 3.0, such as determined in accordance with a residual virucidal activity test. The film can also exhibit antiviral activity after a substantial period of time on the surface, such as after 24 hours, and in some cases, even after 48 hours. In one embodiment, for instance, the film may exhibit a log₁₀ reduction after 24 or 48 hours of approximately 2.0-5.0 against a feline calicivirus or murine norovirus. In another embodiment, the film may exhibit a log₁₀ reduction after 24 hours or 48 hours within the ranges noted above against Phi-X 174 (ATCC 13706-B1), a non-enveloped bacteriophage.

The present invention may be better understood with reference to the following examples.

Test Methods Protocol for Propagation of Bacteriophage: Phi X174

-   -   1. Tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing 0.7% w/v agar (this         mixture is called top agar) was prepared. Autoclave and store at         49° C. in a water bath or dry bead/sand bath.     -   2. Aliquot 4 ml of top agar into sterile 14 ml test tubes.     -   3. Inoculate 10 top agar tubes w/the concentrated phage stock         from ATCC. Also add 100 μl of a 24 h E. coli ATCC 13706 host         culture that has been washed 1× in Butterfields Phosphate         Buffer. (For frozen ATCC phage stock, add 500 μl TSB warmed to         49° C.)     -   4. Dump individual top agar tubes onto individual TSA plates         warmed to room temperature. Ensure top agar is spread across the         entire plate surface. Allow top agar to solidify, invert plates,         and incubate for 24 hours @ 37° C.     -   5. Plates should show complete clearing (with the exception of         possible pinpoint colonies throughout).     -   6. Add 2 mL of warm SM buffer (Teknova) to each plate and scrape         the top agar with a sterile white Teflon policeman.     -   7. Using a serological pipette, transfer the scrapped top agar,         liquid to a 15 ml conical centrifuge tube (1 tube per plate).     -   8. Vortex each tube for about 10-15 secs.     -   9. Centrifuge the tubes at 1000×g for 25 minutes. Make sure the         tubes are distributed equally on each side of the centrifuge         rotor.     -   10. After centrifuging, combine the resulting supernatant into a         new sterile 50-mL centrifuge tube.     -   11. Wet the filter unit with sterile beef extract and replace         the 50-mL centrifuge tube for collection of bacteriophage so it         remains undiluted by the beef extract.     -   12. Pass all the collected bacteriophage supernatant through a         50-ml 0.2 um filtration unit.     -   13. Dilute and plate the filtrate to determine the PFU/ml. Store         the filtrate in a refrigerator.

Virucidal Infectivity:

Bacteriophage Phi X174 (ATCC 13706-B1) was added 1:10 (˜10⁶ plaque forming units (PFU) per sample) into a solution containing the composition of interest. Following a 10-minute exposure, the sample was transferred 1:10 into Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB). Following 10 minutes in TSB, a second 1:10 dilution was completed into an outgrowth solution for the Phi X174 host (E. coli ATCC 13706) that contained TSB and a resazurin dye. E. coli outgrowth was then monitored at 37° C. for 16-24 hours and the rate of fluorescence development was calculated. The rate observed when Phi X174 was not exposed to any composition represented a 100% Phi X174 signal. The rate observed without Phi X174 present represented a “0% signal.” The rate obtained following Phi X174 exposure to a given composition was compared to the signal obtained with no exposure to calculate the “percent reduction in virus infectivity.”

Example

Various formulations were formed as set forth in the table below. Once formed, the virus infectivity was tested according to the method described above. The results are set forth below.

Secondary Secondary Antiviral Agent in Combination Antiviral Agent with Primary Antiviral Agent (% values Alone represent reduction in virus infectivity) Concen- Concen- Maleic Phosphoric Sulfosuccinic Secondary tration % tration Acid Acid Acid Antiviral Agent (mM) Reduction (mM) (3 mM) (50-150 mM) (10-32 mM) None — — — 1-8% 0-47% 0-75% Plantacare 818 UP 2  5% 30 99%  6%  0% (Cocoglucoside) 6  0% 50  0%  0%  0% 17  0% 60  0%  0%  0% 51  0% 80  0%  0%  0% Hostapon TPHC 25  0% 25  0% 99% 99% (Sodium Methyl 42  0% 42  0% 96% 88% Oleoyl Taurate) 50  0% 50  0% 99% 50% 67  0% 67  0% 99%  1% Genaminox CHE 30  0% 30  0% — — (Coco dihydroxy 51  0% 51  0% — — ethyl amine oxide) 61  0% 61  0% — — 81  0% 81  0% — — Mackamine C-10 6  7% 30 10%  0%  6% (Decylamine 18  4% 49 35%  0%  0% oxide) 53 11% 59 64%  0%  2% 183 30% 79 62%  0%  0% Ammonyx LMDO 2  5% 30 32%  0%  0% (Lauramidopropyl- 6 11% 50 97%  0%  0% amine Oxide) 17  0% 61  0%  0%  0% 50  0% 81  0%  0%  0% Hetoxide HC 200- 0.2 12% 0.4 71% 11%  3% 50% 0.7  0% 0.7  0%  0%  0% (PEG-200 2  3% 1  0% 47%  0% Hydrogenated 6 15% 3  0% 26%  0% Castor Oil) EcoSense 3000 8 14% 0.3  0% — — (Decyl Glucoside) 23  0% 1  0% — — 69  0% 7  0% — — 207  0% 37  0% — — Tergitol 15-S-3 6  0% 0.2 99% 21%  0% (C11-15 Pareth-3) 18  7% 1  0% 17%  0% 54  9% 6  0%  1%  0% 161  4% 29  7%  2%  0% Tergitol 15-S-12 6  0% 0.2  3% — — (C11-15 Sec- 17  0% 1  0% — — Pareth-12) 50  0% 6  0% — — 151  0% 30 12% — — Hetoxol LA-9 6  0% 0.2  9% 57%  5% (Laureth-9) 17  0% 1 65% 62%  0% 50  0% 5  0% 11%  0% 150  2% 27  0% 10%  0% Aluminum 2  1% 2-7 17% 43% 99% chlorohydrate 6  3%  6-14 28% 34% 99% (Aluminum 18  2% 18-27  9% 29% 99% chlorohydrate) 55  9% 55 99% 68% 99% Iron (III) chloride 8  3% 8  0% — 99% (Ferric chloride) 17 18% 17 23% — 99% 33 21% 33  0% — 99% 66 12% 66  0% — 99% Zinc Chloride 2  5% 2-7 99% 10% 99% (Zinc Chloride) 6  0%  6-13 99% 28% 99% 18  0% 18-26 99% 58% 99% 53  0% 53  0% 88% 99% Copper (II) 1 20% 1-3 72% 44% 94% Chloride 9 23% 4-6 57% 67% 96% 4 18% 11-13 36% 60% 99% 27 99% 26 70% 99% 99% Urea (Urea) 7  0% 3  8% 57%  1% 20  0% 9  6% 71%  0% 60  0% 28  1% 53% 25% 180  0% 85  0% 56%  0% Guanidine 6  0% 3  0% 40% 10% Hydrochloride 18  0% 10  0% 34% 12% (Guanidine HCl) 55  0% 29  0% 34%  1% 164  0% 86  0% 46%  0% Aminoguanidine 6  2% 3 12% 50%  0% Hydrochloride 18  7% 9  4% 86%  0% (Aminoguanidine 53  4% 28  0% 50%  4% HCl) 158  1% 85  0% 99% 13%

While the invention has been described in detail with respect to the specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalents thereto. 

1. A disinfectant composition comprising: from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of a primary antiviral agent, wherein the primary antiviral agent includes a polyprotic acid having a first acid dissociation constant of about 3.0 or less; from about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of a secondary antiviral agent, wherein the secondary antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of anionic N-acyl compounds, metal halide salts, amine compounds, aliphatic amine oxides, alkyl glycosides, alcohol ethoxylates, and combinations thereof; and from about 70 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % of a solvent system that includes one or more solvents, wherein water constitutes at least about 50 wt. % of the solvent system; wherein the composition has a pH of about 4.5 or less, and further wherein the composition exhibits a reduction in virus infectivity of about 30% or more after being exposed to a non-enveloped virus for 10 minutes.
 2. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the polyprotic acid is maleic acid.
 3. The disinfectant composition of claim 2, wherein the secondary antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of anionic N-acyl compounds, metal halide salts, alcohol ethoxylates, aliphatic amine oxides, alkyl glycosides, and combinations thereof.
 4. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the polyprotic acid is sulfosuccinic acid.
 5. The disinfectant composition of claim 4, wherein the secondary antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of anionic N-acyl compounds, metal halide salts, and combinations thereof.
 6. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the polyprotic acid is phosphoric acid.
 7. The disinfectant composition of claim 6, wherein the secondary antiviral agent is selected from the group consisting of anionic N-acyl compounds, metal halide salts, amine compounds, and combinations thereof.
 8. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the anionic N-acyl compounds have the following general structure:

wherein, R¹ is a C₄ to C₃₀ fatty acid chain; R₂ is an alkylene, which may optionally be substituted with alkyl, alkoxyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or heterocyclyl, and which may optionally be interrupted at one or more positions by an oxygen atom; X is O or NR³, R³ is H or a C₁ to C₈ alkyl; Y is SO₃ or CO₂, and M is a cation.
 9. The disinfectant composition of claim 8, wherein Y is SO₃.
 10. The disinfectant composition of claim 9, wherein the anionic N-acyl compounds include an N-acyl taurate having the following general structure:

wherein, R⁷ is a C₈ to C₃₀ fatty acid chain; R⁸ is H or a C₁ to C₈ alkyl; R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently H or a C₁ to C₈ alkyl; and M⁺ is a cation.
 11. The disinfectant composition of claim 10, wherein the N-acyl taurate is sodium methyl lauroyl taurate, sodium methyl myristoyl taurate, potassium methyl myristoyl taurate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, calcium methyl oleoyl taurate, potassium methyl oleoyl taurate, ammonium methyl oleoyl taurate, or a combination thereof.
 12. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the metal halide salts contain a metal cation having an oxidation state of +2 or greater.
 13. The disinfectant composition of claim 12, wherein the metal halide salts includes iron(II) chloride, iron(III) chloride, zinc chloride, copper(II) chloride, aluminum(III) chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate having the formula, Al_(n)Cl_((3n-m))(OH)_(m) wherein n and m are independently from 1 to 5, or a combination thereof.
 14. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the amine compounds have the following general structure:

wherein, Z is O, NH, or NH₂ ⁺Q⁻, wherein Q is an anion; and R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, alkyl, carboxyalkyl, or NR₁₄R₁₅, wherein R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently H or alkyl.
 15. The disinfectant composition of claim 14, wherein Z is O.
 16. The disinfectant composition of claim 15, wherein the amine compounds include urea or a derivative thereof.
 17. The disinfectant composition of claim 14, wherein Z is NH₂ ⁺.
 18. The disinfectant composition of claim 15, wherein the amine compounds include guanidine hydrochloride, aminoguanidine hydrochloride, or a combination thereof.
 19. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic amine oxides have the following general structure:

wherein, R is an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkylamido group having from 8 to 28 carbon atoms; and R′ are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₄ alkyl group.
 20. The disinfectant composition of claim 19, wherein the aliphatic amine oxides include decylamine oxide, behenamine oxide, lauramine oxide, lauramidopropylamine oxide, palmitamidopropylamine oxide, isostearamidopropylamine oxide, or a combination thereof.
 21. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl glycosides includes alkyl groups having 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
 22. The disinfectant composition of claim 21, wherein the alkyl glycosides include decyl glucoside, octyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, or a combination thereof.
 23. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the alcohol ethoxylates include C₁₁₋₁₅ pareth-3, C₁₁₋₁₅ pareth-12, laureth-9, PEG-100 hydrogenated castor oil, or a combination thereof.
 24. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, further comprising a cationic surfactant.
 25. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the non-enveloped virus includes rhinovirus, poliovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, papillomavirus, feline calicivirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, parvovirus, rotavirus, or a combination thereof.
 26. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a reduction in virus infectivity of about 30% or more after being exposed to Phi X174 (ATCC 13706-B1) for 10 minutes.
 27. The disinfectant composition of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a reduction in virus infectivity of about 70% or more after being exposed to Phi X174 (ATCC 13706-B1) for 10 minutes.
 28. Use of the disinfectant composition of claim 1 against a non-enveloped virus selected from the families Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, Caliciviridae, Papovaviridae, Adenoviridae, Parvoviridae, and combinations thereof.
 29. A method for disinfecting a surface, the method comprising contacting the surface with the disinfectant composition of claim
 1. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the surface is a hard surface.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the disinfectant composition is disposed on a wipe prior to being applied to the surface. 